Service HotlineStandards are norms, and each country and sector has its own standards. The most commonly used standards in our daily business are as follows: GB—China National Standard (National Standard) ANSI—American National Standard (American Standard) DIN—German National Standard (German Standard) ASME—American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard JIS - Japanese National Standard (Japanese Standard) BSW - British National Standard GB - National Standard is one of many standards in my country, as well as industry standards, professional standards and department standards. National standards are divided into: GB (mandatory standards) and GB/T (recommended standards) and GBn (national internal standards) and so on. We usually see GB30, GB5783, etc. are mandatory standards. In addition to some basic dimensions such as head-to-side, head thickness, etc., the above standards are mainly different in the threaded part. The threads of GB, DIN, JIS, etc. are all in MM (millimeters), which are collectively referred to as metric threads. Another thread like ANSI, ASME, etc. is called American standard thread in inches. In addition to metric threads and American threads, there is also a BSW-imperial standard, whose threads are also in inches, commonly known as Wyeth threads.
According to the force of the connection, it is divided into ordinary and hinged holes. According to the shape of the head: there are hexagonal head, round head, square head, countersunk head and so on. Among them, the hexagonal head is the most commonly used. Generally, countersunk heads are used where connections are required. [1] The English name of the riding bolt is U-bolt. It is a non-standard part. The shape is U-shaped, so it is also called a U-bolt. There are threads on both ends that can be combined with nuts. It is mainly used to fix tubular objects such as water pipes or sheets such as The leaf spring of a car is called a horse-riding bolt because it fixes the object in the same way that a person rides on a horse. According to the length of the thread, it is divided into two categories: full thread and non-full thread. [2] According to the thread type, it is divided into two types: coarse thread and fine thread. The coarse thread is not displayed in the bolt mark. The bolts are divided into eight grades: 3.6, 4.8, 5.6, 6.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, and 12.9 according to their performance grades. Among them, the bolts above grade 8.8 (including grade 8.8) are made of low-carbon alloy steel or medium-carbon steel and are heat-treated (quenched). + Tempering), commonly known as high-strength bolts, and below grade 8.8 (excluding 8.8) are commonly known as ordinary bolts. [2] Ordinary bolts can be divided into three grades: A, B, and C according to the production accuracy. Grades A and B are refined bolts, and grade C is rough bolts. For connecting bolts for steel structures, unless otherwise specified, they are generally ordinary rough grade C bolts. There are differences in the processing methods of different grades. Usually the corresponding processing methods are as follows: ① The bolts of grade A and B bolts are processed by lathes, with smooth surfaces and accurate dimensions. High, rarely used; ②C-grade bolts are made of unmachined round steel, the size is not accurate enough, and its material property grade is 4.6 or 4.8. The deformation is large during shear connection, but the installation is convenient and the production cost is low. It is mostly used for tensile connection or temporary fixation during installation. [2]
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this standard, constitute provisions of this standard, and at the time of publication of this standard, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest edition of the following standards. GB/T90-1985 Fasteners Acceptance Inspection, Marking and Packaging -1985 Cross recessed screws GB/T1237-2000 Fastener marking method GB/T3098.1-2000 Mechanical properties of fasteners Bolts, screws and studs GB/T3098.6-2000 Mechanical properties of fasteners, stainless steel bolts, Screws and studs GB/T3098.10-1993 Mechanical properties of fasteners Bolts, screws, studs and nuts made of non-ferrous metals GB/T3103.1-1982 Fastener tolerances Bolts, screws and nuts GB/T3106-1982 Bolts , The nominal length of screws and studs and the thread length of ordinary bolts -2000 Fastener surface defect bolts, screws and studs, general requirements GB/T16938-1997 Fastener bolts, screws. Studs and nuts general technical conditions
Usually, the car wheel is fixed on the axle sleeve with positioning pins and pins, and the tire hub and the sleeve are fastened on the axle with locking nuts, lock washers, and adjusting nuts. This structure can operate normally within a certain period of time when the vehicle speed is low and the vibration is small. However, when the car runs for a long time, especially when the road surface is uneven and the load changes sharply, the axle sleeve bears a great impact. Once the shear force generated is too large, the pin will break, and the nut will be loosened. Affected, the wheel and hub will be loose. If the maintenance is not timely, or the driver is inexperienced, the car will have an accident in which the tire falls off with the wheel hub. This is extremely dangerous. So people are looking for ways to prevent wheels and hubs from falling off
The most important link in the development and design of fasteners is quality control. There are several major points from the feed to the finished product shipment, and these major points have different inspection methods. First of all, the feed is related to appearance, size, elements, performance, detection of harmful substances, etc.; the process is more about appearance, size, percussion test, forging flow line; heat treatment is more about appearance, hardness, torque, tension , metallography, etc.; the surface treatment is more about some hydrogen embrittlement tests, coatings, salt spray, etc., including a detection of harmful substances in shipments. In size and appearance inspection, the common ones are quadratic element, contour measuring instrument, three-coordinate measuring instrument, image sorting machine (this is a full selection machine); in mechanical and chemical inspection, there are mainly hardness machines (Rockwell and Vickers). ), tensile machine, metallographic microscope; in material testing, there is a spectrum analyzer and a salt spray testing machine.
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