What is the tolerance range of precision screws?
What is the tolerance range of precision screws?
People often think that magnets attract stainless steel to verify its pros and cons and its authenticity. If it does not attract non-magnetism, it is considered to be good, and it is genuine; if it is magnetic, it is considered to be counterfeit. In fact, this is an extremely one-sided, unrealistic and wrong identification method. There are many kinds of stainless steel screws, which can be divided into several categories according to the organizational structure at room temperature: 1. Austenite type: such as 304, 321, 316, 310, etc.; 2. Martensite or ferrite type: such as 430, 420, 410, etc.; Austenite type is non-magnetic or weakly magnetic, and martensite or ferrite is magnetic. Most of the stainless steel usually used for decorative tube sheets is austenitic 304 material, which is generally non-magnetic or weakly magnetic, but may also appear magnetic due to fluctuations in chemical composition or different processing conditions caused by smelting, but this cannot be considered as a Counterfeit or substandard, what is the reason for this? As mentioned above, austenite is non-magnetic or weakly magnetic, while martensite or ferrite is magnetic. Due to component segregation or improper heat treatment during smelting, a small amount of martensite or ferrite in austenitic 304 stainless steel will be caused. body tissue. In this way, 304 stainless steel will have weak magnetism. In addition, after cold working of 304 stainless steel, the structure will also be transformed into martensite. The greater the cold working deformation, the more martensite transformation, and the greater the magnetic properties of the steel. Like a batch of steel strips, Φ76 tubes are produced without obvious magnetic induction, and Φ9.5 tubes are produced. The magnetic induction is more obvious due to the large deformation of the bending and bending. The deformation of the square rectangular tube is larger than that of the round tube, especially the corner part, the deformation is more intense and the magnetic force is more obvious. In order to completely eliminate the magnetic properties of 304 steel caused by the above reasons, the stable austenite structure can be restored by high-temperature solution treatment, thereby eliminating the magnetic properties. In particular, the magnetic properties of 304 stainless steel caused by the above reasons are completely different from those of other materials such as 430 and carbon steel, which means that the magnetic properties of 304 steel always show weak magnetic properties. This tells us that if the stainless steel strip is weakly magnetic or completely non-magnetic, it should be judged as 304 or 316 material; if it is the same as carbon steel, it shows strong magnetism, because it is judged as not 304 material.
The traditional fixture shown in Figure 2 is composed of a hardened support cylinder and a hardened shear bar, and has a simple structure. The cylindrical pin is loaded into the hardened support cylinder, and the shear test is completed by applying an axial load to the hardened shear bar. Since the standard stipulates that the gap between the loading part and the supporting part does not exceed 0.15mm, in order to ensure the matching of the gap during the shear test of the cylindrical pin, the diameter of the cylindrical pin on the cylinder is generally equal to the theoretical cylindrical pin. In practical application, the cylindrical pin is irregular in size after heat treatment. To realize the shear test, the cylindrical pin must be inserted into the hole with the help of external force, which is difficult to install and clamp and takes a long time. If the double-sided shearing is performed, that is If the cylindrical pins need to be installed on both sides, the time is doubled, and the notch of the cylindrical pins cannot be guaranteed to face upwards.
The first person to describe the spiral was the Greek scientist Archimedes (c. 287 BC - 212 BC). An Archimedes screw is a huge spiral contained in a wooden cylinder that is used to irrigate fields by raising water from one level to another. The real inventor may not be Archimedes himself. Maybe he was just describing something that already existed. It may have been designed by the skilled craftsmen of ancient Egypt for irrigation on both sides of the Nile. In the Middle Ages, carpenters used wooden or metal nails to attach furniture to wooden structures. In the 16th century, nail makers began producing nails with a helical thread, which were used to connect things more securely. That's a small step from these kinds of nails to screws. Around 1550 AD, the metal nuts and bolts that first appeared in Europe as fasteners were all made by hand on a simple wooden lathe. Screwdrivers (screw chisels) appeared in London around 1780. Carpenters have found that tightening a screw with a screwdriver holds things in place better than hitting with a hammer, especially with fine-grained screws. In 1797, Maudsley invented the all-metal precision screw lathe in London. The following year, Wilkinson built a nut and bolt making machine in the United States. Both machines produce universal nuts and bolts. Screws were quite popular as fixings because an inexpensive method of production had been found at that time. In 1836, Henry M. Philips applied for a patent for a screw with a cross recessed head, which marked a major advance in screw base technology. Unlike traditional slotted head screws, Phillips head screws have the edge of the head of the Phillips head screw. This design makes the screwdriver self-centered and not easy to slip out, so it is very popular. Universal nuts and bolts can connect metal parts together, so by the 19th century, the wood used to make machines to build houses could be replaced by metal bolts and nuts. Now the function of the screw is mainly to connect the two workpieces together and play the role of fastening. The screw is used in general equipment, such as mobile phones, computers, automobiles, bicycles, various machine tools and equipment, and almost all machines. need to use screws. Screws are indispensable industrial necessities in daily life: extremely small screws used in cameras, glasses, clocks, electronics, etc.; general screws for televisions, electrical products, musical instruments, furniture, etc.
When the mold is manufactured, many positioning pins need to be installed to fix the relative position between the two parts. The positioning pins are usually sunk into the positioning pin holes on the mold. Since the mold needs to be pulled out frequently during assembly, in order to Remove the parts and make corrections. At the same time, the mold also needs to pull out the positioning pins during maintenance to remove the damaged parts for maintenance. Therefore, the workload of pulling the pins is large. The existing methods are: 1) When installing the pins, The operator uses a self-made long screw that matches the threaded hole of the pin to screw it into the pin, and then aligns the pin hole with a hammer to hit the screw to make the pin snap in, and then screw the screw out by hand. The disadvantage is: on the one hand, the hammer hits the screw It is easy to cause the screw to be damaged or deformed, and it cannot be used normally. On the other hand, it is labor-intensive to remove the screw by hand and may not be able to be removed; 2) When pulling out the pin, the operator will screw the screw into the pin and use force directly or with pliers To pull out a screw, a few companies use a large pin puller to pull it out. The disadvantage is that it is too laborious and time-consuming to pull out by hand or with pliers. Even if a large pin puller is used, the weight of the pin puller itself is large. , it is inconvenient to use.
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